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Bibliography and Credits

Amsen, Eva. 2021. “The Art Technique That Changed Medical and Scientific Illustration.” Forbes, August 27. https://www.forbes.com/sites/evaamsen/2021/08/27/the-art-technique-that-changed-medical-and-scientific-illustration/. 

“Anatomical Charts in the University of Virginia Health Sciences Library.” 2007. Early 20th Century Anatomical Wall Charts.  http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/anatomical/anatomical-charts-claude-moore-health-sciences-library-university-virginia/. 

“Annual Report of the Junior League.” 1924. Junior League. McCord Museum. 

“Annual Report of the Junior League.” 1927. Junior League. McCord Museum. 

Archer, P. M. A. 1999. “A History of the Medical Artists’ Association of Great Britain 1949-1997.” In Doctoral Thesis, UCL (University College London). Doctoral, UCL (University College London). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10123916/. 

Belsky, Danielle Louise. 2024. “Making Bodies, Making Kin: Storytelling and the Professionalization of Medical Illustrators in North America.” York University. https://hdl.handle.net/10315/42126. 

Belsky, Drew Danielle. 2021. “‘Mutant Fish Only’: Epistemic Hybridity and the Boundary Work of Medical Illustrators.” Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology & Cultural Studies 18 (2): 1–24.  https://doi.org/10.11157/sites-id492. 

Blackstock, Harriett. 1927. “Art as Applied to Medicine.” The Canadian Nurse (Canada) XXIII (2): 64. 

Bruin, Tabitha de, and Gerald Robertson. 2019. “Eugenics in Canada.” The Canadian Encyclopedia.  https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/eugenics. 

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Canadian Museum of Human Rights. n.d. “Canadian Doctors in the Field.” Accessed June 19, 2025.  https://humanrights.ca/exhibition/canadian-doctors-field. 

Cantlie, Hortense Pauline Douglas. 1929. “The Reproduction of Pathological Specimens by the Use of the Wax Moulage.” Journal of Technical Methods and Bulletin of the International Association of Medical Museums 12: 52–55. 

Carstairs, Catherine, Bethany Philpott, and Sara Wilmshurst. 2018. Be Wise! Be Healthy!: Morality and Citizenship in Canadian Public Health Campaigns. UBC Press. 

Chenier, Elise. 2009. “Class, Gender, and the Social Standard: The Montreal Junior League, 1912–1939.” Canadian Historical Review 90 (4): 671–710. https://doi.org/10.3138/chr.90.4.671. 

Cody, John, and Grace T. Crawford. 1985. “Medical Illustration: Our Early Years.” The Journal of Biocommunication 12 (4). 

Compston, Alastair. 2006. “From the Archives.” Brain 129 (4): 827–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl059. 

Concordia University. 2014. “Illustrating Medicine.” March. https://www.concordia.ca/cunews/main/stories/2014/03/13/illustrating-medicine.html. 

Concordia University. n.d. “CHENEY, Anna Gertrude Lawson (Nan)- Biography.” Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Accessed July 24, 2025. https://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=11. 

Conley, Christine. 2020. “Theodore Wan and the Subject of Medical Illustration.” RACAR : Revue d’art Canadienne 33 (1–2): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.7202/1069544ar. 

Crosby, Ranice W., and John Cody. 1991. Max Brödel: The Man Who Put Art Into Medicine. Springer-Verlag. 

Cullen, Thomas S. 1945. “Max Brödel, 1870-1941 Director of the First Department of Art as Applied to Medicine in the World.” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 33 (1): 1–29.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC200894/. 

Davison, D. 1952. “Ross Board Technique.” Medical & Biological Illustration 2 (4): 233–39. 

Demarest, Robert. 1995. The History of the Association of Medical Illustrators, 1945-1995. The Association of Medical Illustrators. 

Desmeules, Robin Elizabeth. 2020. “The Bookbinding of Hortense P. Cantlie for McGill Library: Surfacing a Legacy of Invisible Labor in the Stacks.” Libraries: Culture, History, and Society 4 (2): 139–61.  https://doi.org/10.5325/libraries.4.2.0139. 

Donald, Gabriel. 1986. “The History of Medical Illustration.” Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine, January 1, 44–49.  https://doi.org/10.3109/17453058609156023. 

Doyle, Maeve. 2013. “Carbon Dust Drawing: Historic Technique Informs the Future.” Master of Science in Biomedical Communication, University of Toronto, January 2. https://bmc.med.utoronto.ca/news-events/carbon-dust-drawing-historic-technique-informs-the-future. 

Dray, Danielle. 2023. “Women in Medical Art.” The Anatomy Lab, March 8. https://surgeonshallmuseums.wordpress.com/2023/03/08/women-in-medical-art/. 

Drulak, Captain Stephen L, John W. Gerrie, and Eleanor A. Sweezey. 1946. “Cellona Technique in Preparing Moulages.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 54 (4): 386–88. 

“Eleanor Sweezey.” n.d. Series VIII, Box 1, File 9. Archives of the Association of Medical Illustrators. 

Fishwick, Jim. 2017. “Denoyer-Geppert Anatomy Charts.” Powerhouse Collection. https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/548323. 

Foresey, Joan. 1961. “Artist Is At Home ‘In Surgery.’” The Gazette (Montreal), June 14. 

Gray, George W. 1948. “The Great Ravelled Knot.” Scientific American 179 (4): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1048-26. 

Grove, Jaleen. 2016. “Drawing Out Illustration History in Canada.” RACAR : Revue d’art Canadienne 40 (2): 115–29.  https://doi.org/10.7202/1035400ar. 

Guillemette, Mélissa. 2020. “Homonculus: le petit homme qui a fait jaser.” Québec Science, April 24. 

Hajar, Rachel. 2011. “Medical Illustration: Art in Medical Education.” Heart Views 12 (2): 83–91. 

Hanaway, Joseph, and Richard Cruess. 2006. McGill Medicine, Volume 2, 1885-1936. McGill-Queen’s University Press.  https://www.mqup.ca/mcgill-medicine–volume-2–1885-1936-products-9780773529588.php. 

Hassard, Kathy. 1961. “Her Work Portrays ‘Perfection of Body.’” The Vancouver Sun, November 30. 

Hatzi, Vasia. 2013. “Pauline Lariviere.” MEDinART: Where Medicine and Art Collide. https://medinart.eu/works/pauline-lariviere/. 

Hutchinson, D. Mary. 1960. “On Medical Art.” Queen’s Medical Review 61: 15–16. 

Joy, Nancy. 1980. “Notes on Eleanor Sweezey.” August 11. University of Toronto Archives. 

Joy, Nancy. 1983. “Notes on Hortense Cantlie.” February. University of Toronto Archives. 

Joy, Nancy. 1985. “Department of Art as Applied to Medicine (Dictated Notes).” A1985-0010. University of Toronto Archives. 

Kapur, Ibani. 2020. “Picture This: The Illustrious World of Medical Illustration.” The Tribune, November 24. https://www.thetribune.ca/sci-tech/picture-this-the-illustrious-world-of-medical-illustration-24112020/. 

Lariviere Burr-Thomas, Pauline M. 1953. “Contemporary Art Principles and Medical Illustration.” Association of Medical Illustrators, no. 5: 33–35. 

Levine, Romi. 2019. “Body of Work: The Pioneering Women behind the Groundbreaking Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy.” University of Toronto Mississauga, March 8. https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/main-news/body-work-pioneering-women-behind-groundbreaking-grants-atlas-anatomy. 

Lozanoff, Beth K. 2023. Max Brödel, August Vierling and the Emergence of Medical Illustration Pedagogy. Edited by Sara Doll and Karen Nolte. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64192-7_3. 

Luks, Francois I., Ian Suk, Ni-Ka Ford, and Phillip M. Boiselle. 2024. “Frontiers in Medical Illustration: From Netter’s Naturalism to a Representation Revolution.” The Journal of Biocommunication 48 (1): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5210/jbc.v48i1.13616. 

Mattatall, Fiona, and Rona Rustige. 2001. “A Very Real Art.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 164 (7): 1027–28.  https://www.cmaj.ca/content/164/7/1027. 

Meakins, Jonathan L., and Liane S. Feldman. 2024. “A History of the McGill Department of Surgery: The First 100 Years (1923–2023).” Discussions in Surgery. Canadian Journal of Surgery 67 (3): 216–27.  https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.002124. 

Melby, Julie L. 2010. “Charles J. Ross’s Stipple Paper Company.” Graphic Arts, Princeton University Library, January 10.  https://www.princeton.edu/~graphicarts/2010/01/charles_j_rosss_stipple_paper.html. 

“Membership List.” 1947. Graphics, Journal of the Association of Medical Illustrators 1 (March): 25–28. 

Miller, Mark M. 2023. “Medical Illustration Historic Roots: Illuminating Medicine & Science – Part I.” Missouri Medicine 120 (6): 417–22.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10743341/. 

Mohr, Peter D. 2017. “Dorothy Davison (1890–1984): Manchester Medical Artist and Her Work for Neurosurgeon Sir Geoffrey Jefferson (1886–1961).” Journal of Medical Biography 25 (2): 130–37.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0967772014555292. 

Montreal General Hospital Annual Report. 1922. Montreal General Hospital. MUHC Permanent Archives Centre. 

Montreal General Hospital Annual Report. 1923. Montreal General Hospital. MUHC Permanent Archives Centre. 

Montreal General Hospital Annual Report. 1924. Montreal General Hospital. MUHC Permanent Archives Centre. 

Montreal General Hospital Annual Report. 1925. Montreal General Hospital. MUHC Permanent Archives Centre. 

Moseley, H. Frederick. 1959. Textbook of Surgery. Third Edition. The C. V. Mosby Company. 

“Notes On The Winnipeg Meeting.” 1930. The British Medical Journal 2 (3638): 146–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25337437. 

Patel, Smruti K., William T. Couldwell, and James K. Liu. 2011. “Max Brödel: His Art, Legacy, and Contributions to Neurosurgery through Medical Illustration.” Journal of Neurosurgery, July 1, 182–90.  https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/115/1/article-p182.xml. 

Penfield, Wilder G. 1930. “The Radical Treatment of Traumatic Epilepsy and Its Rationale.” The Canadian Medical Association Journal 23 (2): 89–97. 

Penfield, Wilder G. 1931. “Classification of Brain Tumours and Its Practical Application.” British Medical Journal, February, 337–42.  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2314292/. 

Penfield, Wilder G. 1950. The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function. The Macmillan Company. 

Penfield, Wilder G. 1977. No Man Alone: A Neurosurgeon’s Life. Little, Brown and Company. 

Petherbridge, Deanna, and L. J. Jordanova. 1997. The Quick and the Dead: Artists and Anatomy. University of California Press. 

Phillips Muir, Norma. 1929. “Anatomical Art.” MacLean’s, August 1. 

Poland, Fred. 1956. “Illustrating Nerves, Tissue, Muscles Unique Work for Hospital Woam.” The Montreal Star, January 11. 

Random42 Scientific Communication. 2019. “A History of Medical Animation and Scientific Storytelling.” May 21.  https://random42.com/a-history-of-scientific-storytelling. 

RBC Art and Heritage Centre of the MUHC. 2021. “Turbulent Years.” Montreal General Hospital 200: 1821-2021, Reaching and Exceeding, McGill University Health Centre and Montreal General Hospital Foundation. https://mgh200.com/turbulent-years/. 

Richardson, Jim. 2019. “Powerful Opening Lines to Help Museums Grab Attention Online.” MuseumNext, September 3.  https://www.museumnext.com/article/powerful-opening-lines-to-help-museums-grab-attention-online/. 

Royal Victoria Hospital Annual Report. 1948. Royal Victoria Hospital. MUHC Permanent Archives Centre. 

Sachs, Selma S. 1950. “The Maryland Influence.” The Baltimore Sun, January 15. 

Sawchuk, Kim. 2012. “Animating the Anatomical Specimen: Regional Dissection and the Incorporation of Photography in J.C.B. Grant’s An Atlas of Anatomy.” Body & Society 18 (1): 120–50.  https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X11430964. 

Sawchuk, Kim, Nicholas Woolridge, and Jodie Jenkinson. 2011. “Illustrating Medicine: Line, Luminance and the Lessons from J.C.B. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy.” Visual Communication 10 (3): 442–68.  https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470357211408816. 

Shouldice, Alison. 2016. “You Need a Science Degree to Tackle the Art of Medical Illustration.” Maclean’s, November 18.  https://macleans.ca/education/you-need-a-science-degree-to-tackle-the-art-of-medical-illustration/. 

Smith, Wendy. 2008. “Anatomically Correct Research Project.” Concordia Journal, September.  https://cjournal.concordia.ca/archives/20080911/anatomically_correct_research_project.php?&print=1. 

Stephens, Anna. 1968. “Closet Skeleton No Secret to Medical Artist.” The Gazette, October 14. 

Sweezey, Eleanor A. 1943. “Medical Art in Canada.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 49 (5): 440–41.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1827966/. 

Sweezey, Eleanor A. 1947. “Medical Illustration.” Journal of the Canadian Association of Medical Students and Interns 3 (October): 51–53. 

Sweezey, Eleanor A. 1951. “The Amateur Preparation of Illustrations.” Journal of Medical & Biological Illustration 1 (3): 122–29. 

Taylor, Alice. 2015. “Anatomy of an Illustrator.” University of Toronto Magazine, June 17.  https://magazine.utoronto.ca/campus/history/anatomy-of-an-illustrator-maria-torrence-wishart-medical-illustration/. 

Terry, Andrea. 2007. The Malleability of Meaning: Marjorie Winslow’s Moulages and Twentieth-Century Moulage Production in Canada. Museum of Healthcare at Kingston. 

The Gazette. 1926. “Gifts to McGill Are Acknowledged.” January 5. 

The Gazette. 1985. “Noted Surgeon H. F. Moseley.” January 9. 

The JHU Gazette. 2011. “A Century of Medical Illustration.” July 18.  https://gazette.jhu.edu/2011/07/18/a-century-of-medical-illustration/. 

The Montreal Daily Star. 1926. “Modern Art Is Now Applied to Medicine with Fine Results.” April 1. 

The Ottawa Citizen. 1929. “Art News.” November 30. 

The Province. 1936. “Woman Medical Artist in Victoria.” June 26. 

The Vancouver Sun. 1985. “B.C.’s First Medical Artist Dies at 88.” November 7. 

“The Work of Mary Gzowski.” n.d. Archives of the Association of Medical Illustrators. 

Thomson, L. R. 1981. “Reminiscing in Letters: Harriet Blackstock Thomson to Ranice Crosby.” The Journal of Biocommunication 8 (2): 13–15. 

Times Colonist. 1936. “Is One of Two Medical Artists in Dominion.” June 24. 

Walker, Doreen, ed. 1990. Dear Nan: Letters of Emily Carr, Nan Cheney, and Humphrey Toms. UBC Press. 

Ward, Zina. 2013. “The Changing Face of Penfield’s Homunculus.” Osler Library Newsletter, no. 119: 13–15. 

Wenger, Alexandre. 2024. “Syphilis Wax Moulages.” University of Geneva, June 17. https://www.unige.ch/waxes/index.php. 

Wilson-Pauwels, Linda. 1993. “The Development of Academic Programs in Medical Illustration in North America from 1911 to 1991.” University of Toronto. 

Winslow, Marjorie. 1996. “Dr. E. Robertson’s Collection of Wax Teaching Models.” July 13. Canadian Museum of Health Care. 

Wishart, Maria T. 1953. Medical Illustration: An Occupational Monograph. The Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Banting Institute, University of Toronto. 

Wool, Zoe. 2019. “Homunculus Revolts: Re-Figuring the Neurological Subject.” Somatosphere, August.  https://somatosphere.com/2019/homunculus-revolts-re-figuring-the-neurological-subject.html/.

Research and Writing
  • William Jones
  • Alexandra Kirsh
  • Olivia Vidmar
Translation
  • Geneviève Cocke
Photography, Scanning and Interviews
  • Jake Carvalho
  • Robert Derval
  • Jo-Anne Trempe
Making Medicine Visible: An Enduring Legacy